What Instruments Are Included in a Weather Station?

1.1 General-Purpose Weather Stations

A general-purpose weather station is designed to measure the essential atmospheric parameters, including wind speed, temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, and rainfall. These are the minimum instruments to analyze the atmospheric conditions.

• Instrumentation: Wind Direction Sensor, PAR Sensor, Illuminance Sensor, Wind Speed Sensor, Pyranometer, soil chemistry sensors, and Air Temp & RH Sensor.
• Application: Airports, Research Centers, and Meteorological Bureaus

1.2 Agricultural Weather Stations

Weather stations designed for agricultural purposes feature specialized sensors alongside typical weather instrumentation that monitor soil conditions to optimize crop yields. These stations act as a central unit that gathers valuable data from the field and provides live monitoring to their owners. They can continue working through the night to provide directional horticulture light for plant growth.

• • Instrumentation: Leaf wetness sensor, soil moisture and temperature sensor, PAR sensor, crop canopy temperature sensor, UV Radiation Sensor, and leaf surface temperature sensor (IR-based, rare but emerging).
  • Applications: Irrigation optimization, pest and disease forecasting, crop yield prediction, safe pesticide and fertilizer application, microclimate analysis, and harvesting timing support.
    
    

    1.3 PV (Photovoltaic) Monitoring Stations
    

    The emergence of clean energy technologies is driving the power sector to install large photovoltaic (PV) farms that harness the sun’s solar power. To fully utilize and maximize the management of PV farms, professional weather stations that feature instrumentation specific to solar radiation and PV temperature monitoring are required. Temperature can adversely affect photovoltaic (PV) performance. Thus, these monitoring stations can start the cooling system to improve efficiency.

    • Instrumentation: Global Horizontal Irradiance (GHI), Global Tilted Irradiance (GTI), Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI), PV module temperature, and ambient temperature monitoring.
    • Applications: Solar PV farms to monitor PV temperature and efficiency.
      

    1.4 Ultrasonic All-in-One Stations

    Ultrasonic sensors are the answer to the mechanical moving parts in traditional weather stations. They use ultrasonic waves to measure wind parameters, radar for precipitation, and solid-state detectors for temperature, humidity, and air quality. Their electronics-based detection system ensures longevity and accuracy with minimal maintenance activities.

    • Instrumentation: Ultrasonic wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, radar-based rainfall, solar radiation, UV index, illuminance, noise level, PM2.5/PM10 concentration, and visibility
    • Applications: Smart city infrastructure, airports, highways, environmental monitoring stations, industrial parks, and remote autonomous climate monitoring

  • 1.5 Miniature Weather Stations
    

    Miniature weather stations are feasible in cases where space and weight constraints are applicable. These are great for portability and have dimensions smaller than the palm of your hand, while protecting against the most basic weather conditions. Due to their low maintenance and reliable operation, they can be installed in remote or off-grid locations.

    • Instrumentation: Ultrasonic wind speed and direction, air temperature, relative humidity, barometric pressure, solar radiation, optional rainfall detection.
    • Applications: Mobile weather monitoring, drone-mounted environmental sensing, compact research stations, and remote or off-grid installations where low weight and compactness are crucial.

    2. Instruments Included in a Weather Station
    

    Knowing the sensors that come with different types of weather stations is the first step to understanding their significance. Instrumentation can have varying accuracy based on its detection principle. Manufacturers may use various types to cater to varying requirements, such as price, accuracy, speed, or detection range. In this section, we will learn about the kinds of weather station sensors and their respective detection capabilities.

    2.1 Wind Measurement Instruments

    Wind is a key parameter that helps predict the weather. It is generated by the uneven heating of the Earth by the sun and its rotation. It carries heat, moisture, pollutants, and pollen to new areas.

    2.1.1 Wind Speed Sensor

    Measuring wind speed is critical in applications such as aviation and weather forecasting. Two main types of instrumentation on weather stations can detect wind speed: Cup Anemometers and Ultrasonic Sensors.

     

    Cup Anemometer:

    Cup anemometers have been around since 1846. It is a mechanical type of wind speed detector for weather stations, consisting of metal or plastic cups that rotate when exposed to moving air. The rotational speed is calibrated by the manufacturer against wind speed. Here are its typical detection capabilities:

    • Range: 0–30 m/s or 0–60 m/s.
    • Accuracy: ±0.5 m/s (<5 m/s); ±3% FS (≥5 m/s).
    • Starting Threshold: <0.5 m/s.

    Ultrasonic Wind Speed Sensor:

    These sensors utilize the Doppler effect to detect wind speed. The time it takes for the ultrasonic pulse to transmit and return to the receiver is representative of the wind speed. Here is the ultrasonic windspeed detector’s detection capability on weather stations:

    Measurement Range:

    • Range: 0–60 m/s (Resolution 0.01 m/s)
    • Wind Direction: 0–360° (Resoltuion 1°)
    • Accuracy: ±0.2 m/s (≤10 m/s); <±2% of current value (>10 m/s)
    • Starting Threshold: 0.1 m/s

    2.1.2 Wind Direction Sensor

    There are typically two types of wind direction sensors. A mechanical vane type and an ultrasonic wind detector. Both can provide wind direction reliability.

    Mechanical Vane Type:

    It consists of a vane that adjusts itself to the moving air, indicating the direction of the wind on a weather station. It’s similar to the very popular windsock. The direction is converted into a digital or analog signal for reading.:

    • Range: 0–360°
    • Accuracy: ±3°
    • Starting Threshold: <0.5 m/s

    Ultrasonic Wind Direction Sensor:

    An ultrasonic wind sensor is a device that combines a wind speed and direction sensor. There are multiple transducers in different directions. It induces ultrasonic pulses in every direction, which reflect after traveling through air to the receiver. The change in travel time of the ultrasonic pulse in each transducer represents the speed and direction of the wind around the weather station.

    • Range: 0–360°
    • Accuracy: ±1°
    • Starting Threshold: 0.1 m/s

    2.2 Temperature and Humidity Sensors

    Temperature and humidity are also key to detecting weather conditions. High humidity in conjunction with a specific temperature indicates the approach of precipitation.

    2.2.1 Air Temperature

    There are two main types of detectors used in the detection of air temperature in weather stations:

    
    Thermistors

    It is a semiconductor that acts like a resistor, whose resistance varies with temperature.

    • Range: –40°C to +80°C
    • Accuracy: ±0.5°C to ±1.0°C (lower than PT sensors)

     

    Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD)

    A current passes through a resistance circuit, which changes its resistance in response to temperature.

    • Range: –40°C to +80°C (customizable up to 200°C)
    • Accuracy: ±0.2°C or better

    2.2.2 Relative Humidity

    Relative humidity is a measure of the amount of moisture in the air relative to the maximum amount the air can hold at a given temperature. Humidity sensors used in weather stations are typically capacitive or resistive, providing rapid and reliable readings.

    • Range: 0–100% RH
    • Accuracy: ±2–3% RH

    Humidity sensors paired with temperature sensors can provide the dew point.

    2.2.3 Soil Moisture

    Soil temperature sensors are typically resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) and operate on the same principle, range, and accuracy as mentioned earlier. Whereas, a soil moisture detector can be based on dielectric permittivity or resistance.

    • Range: 0–100% VWC (Volumetric Water Content)
    • Accuracy: ±3%
    • Response Time: <2 seconds

    2.3 Barometric Pressure Sensor

    Pressure sensing is the core variable in detecting storms, altitude variations, and calibration of sensors. Weather stations utilize high-precision piezo-resistive or capacitive pressure sensors housed in a vented, temperature-compensated enclosure.

    • Range: 300–1100 hPa
    • Accuracy: ±0.5–1 hPa
    • Resolution: 0.1 hPa

    2.4 Precipitation Sensors

    The precipitation sensors detect the rainfall accumulation. It is key to planning irrigation, flood predictions, and hydrological studies. Two main types of precipitation sensors come with weather stations:

    2.4.1 Tipping Bucket Rain Gauge

    As the name suggests, the tipping bucket fills with water up to a certain level after which it tips. The signal sends the number of tips that the bucket undergoes, representing the rainfall.

    • Range: Accumulated Rainfall (mm/hr)
    • Accuracy: ±2%
    • Resolution: 0.2 mm/tip
      
      

      2.4.2 Radar Rain Sensor

      Radar-based rain sensors utilize microwave or ultrasonic reflection to detect raindrops. The rain that passes through its path is accumulated. These are solid-state in nature, making them low-maintenance.

      • Range: Accumulative Rainfall (mm/hr)
      • Accuracy: ±5%
      • Resolution: 0.1 mm

      2.5 Solar Radiation and Light Sensors

      Solar light can be crucial in applications such as PV cells and horticulture. Detecting them can help analyze and predict outputs:

      2.5.1 Pyranometer

      A pyranometer detects global horizontal irradiance (GHI). It can detect both direct and diffuse solar radiation.

      • Range: 0–2000 W/m²
      • Accuracy: ±5%
      • Spectral Range: 300–1100 nm

      2.5.2 Illuminance Sensor

      It is the measurement of the brightness of the light in lux. It can be an essential sensor for sports events or activities that require visibility. A photodiode or photoresistor converts the light into a signal.

      • Range: 0–100,000 lux
      • Accuracy: ±3%
      • Response Time: <1 second

      2.6 Additional Environmental Instruments

      In urban areas, air, noise, and visual pollution can be critical parameters, alongside weather-related aspects. Advanced weather stations may feature the following sensors based on user requirements:

      2.6.1 Particulate Matter (PM2.5/10)

      These sensors utilize laser scattering to count airborne particles based on their size and shape. PM2.5 and PM10 values are critical in health-based air quality indices.

      • Range: 0–1000 µg/m³
      • Accuracy: ±10%
      • Resolution: 1 µg/m³
      • Output: µg/m³ or AQI (calculated)

      2.6.2 Noise Sensor

      Noise sensors monitor ambient sound levels to detect pollution or track activity in smart cities and public zones.

      • Range: 30–130 dB
      • Accuracy: ±1.5 dB

      2.6.3 Visibility Sensor

      During fog, haze, or dust storms, visibility can be drastically reduced. To ensure safe travelling conditions, visibility instrumentation can be connected to weather stations for advanced monitoring:

      • Range: 10–10,000 meters
      • Accuracy: ±10%

      3. System Integration and Communication

      Each of the instruments on a weather station generates signals that can be either analog or digital. Here are the outputs of a typical instrumentation:

       

      Output Type	Examples	Notes
      Analog	4–20 mA, 0–5V, 0–10V	Common in industrial-grade systems
      Digital	RS485, RS232, TTL, SDI-12	RS-485 with Modbus RTU is the default standard
      Wireless	LoRa, GPRS, NB-IoT, Wi-Fi	Via external logger or integrated systems

       

      The weather stations require minimal power to operate. A 10–20 W solar panel and a 12V 7Ah battery are enough for stable operation. Moreover, these stations can include logging capacity, local LCDs, and real-time communication protocols for data retrieval.

      4. Conclusion

      A weather station is a combination of instrumentation, communication devices, power modules, and mechanical structure. The key feature is its instruments, which define its ability to accurately, precisely, and efficiently detect atmospheric parameters. Selecting the correct type of sensor (wind, temperature, rain, radiation) can be vital to ensure reliable results.

       

      If you’re looking for a weather station that offers scalability, modularity, and performance, consider Airatom smart solution weather station. They have options from a miniature weather station to professional, large-scale meteorological monitoring stations. Their modular approach allows buyers to have a tailored solution for their site, data, and integration needs. Visit the airatom smart solution website to explore their complete lineup!

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